Poetry Analysis †Coleridge, Tennyson, Hopkins Essay

The Romantic poet Percy Shelley once wrote, â€Å"Poetry lifts the veil from the hidden beauty of the world, and makes familiar objects be as if they were not familiar.† Both the Romantic and the Victorian periods of poetry followed Shelley’s vision of poetry as they exposed their respective societal issues. Romantic period lasted from1785 to 1830, a time in which England moved from an agrarian to industrial country and overall nationalistic ideals threatened the individuality of the poets and artists. The Romantic period of poetry was therefore very reactionary. It was a reaction to enlightenment ideas, to the disregard for human life in revolutions, and to the uniform of nationalism. The decay of social values that took place in the latter part of the Victorian period spurred many writers to shift the context of their work from the Romantic natural forms to education, women’s rights, and political ideologies. Though both periods produced a momentous achievements in structure, language, and musicality of the poetic movement, the Romantic period effectuated an extreme feat in poetry in a mere fifty years. Samuel Coleridge’s â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner† is a Romantic ballad in seven parts, with fairly regular quatrains. Its short sentence structure develops steady movement, allowing to the reader’s engagement to grow as the tale progresses and the speaker’s message is unveiled. The tetrameter structure reveals an explanation of the title; the Ancient Mariner orally recites his tale, teaching a universal lesson on nature’s value and the earth’s deserving of respect. Coleridge uses both dialogue and varying perspective to establish a credibility in his work. An omniscient narrator speaks of an instance where the â€Å"bright-eyed† Mariner tells his story to a wedding-guest and the effect the tale has on him; â€Å"a sadder and a wiser man, / He rise the morrow morn† (Coleridge 624-625). Coleridge often utilizes the effect of exclamation points when the Mariner is speaking to convey his passion, as in â€Å"Farewell, farewell! but this I tell / To thee, thou Wedding-Guest! / He prayeth well, who loveth well / Both man and bird and beast† (610-613). By capitalizing the first letter in various important words, Coleridge successfully enables to the reader to interpret a symbolic meaning behind the select terms. For instance, â€Å"Albatross,† though not a proper noun, is capitalized in each reference he makes to the creature yet when referring to the â€Å"water-snakes† and the â€Å"sky-lark† Coleridge does not capitalize the terms as they hold less symbolic value in the Mariner’s tale. ‘Is this the man? By him who died on cross, With his cruel bow he laid full low The harmless Albatross. The spirit who bideth by himself In the land of mist and snow, He loved the bird that loved the man Who shot him with his bow.’ (Coleridge 397-405) The Albatross is capitalized to depict the pure innocence and divinity of nature and God’s creations. Further interpretation also shows Coleridge’s capitalization of the Albatross to allude to Jesus Christ. Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s â€Å"Crossing the Bar† is a comforting and uplifting Victorian Era poem about the end of life’s journey. Tennyson’s calm language and peaceful imagery envelop the reader in consoling compassion rather than a miserable mourning at the thought of a loved-one’s passing. He introduces the dwindling of life’s candle as he opens with a metaphor beautifully comparing life ending and death to â€Å"sunset and evening star† (Tennyson 1). Hoping for the end to be as painless as the sunset Tennyson alludes to the sound of the ocean thrusting against the sandbar, â€Å"And may there be no moaning of the bar, / When I put out to sea† (Tennyson 3-4). Tennyson’s word choice throughout the extended metaphor of this poem impels the reader to think carefully about what his meaning is, rather than take the literal sense. For instance, when Tennyson refers to turning â€Å"home again† his home is not meant to be the humble earthly abode in which he’s carried out his years; he instead is alluding to heaven (Tennyson 8). The imagery of the concluding stanza informs the reader of the entire poem’s meaning; â€Å"For though from out our bourne of Time and Place / The flood may bear me far, / I hope to see my Pilot face to face / When I have crossed the bar† (Tennyson 13-16). Here Tennyson’s meaning of the bar manifests as he alludes to meeting his creator in this striking image of crossing the ocean’s sand bar, the boundary of life and death, into the unknown afterlife. Upon reading Gerald Manley Hopkins’ â€Å"Spring and Fall: to a young child† it becomes difficult to stop oneself from creating a tune to match the beat of this musical Victorian Era poem. With an AABBCCDDDEEFFGG rhyme scheme the poem begins with three rhyming couplets, followed by a rhyming triplet, and concluded by another set of three rhyming couplets. The varying line lengths express the drama in the speaker’s voice; ranging from the short iambic triameter to the longer tetrameter exposing the speaker’s message. A strong biblical message is surfaced by the melodic and hymnic movement of this piece. Hopkins uses alliteration to make his point clearly understood. The repetition of the â€Å"W† words, in â€Å"Though worlds of wanwood leafmeal lie: / And yet you will weep and know why,† is used to tell Margaret about the changes maturity brings and the misery of knowledge (Hopkins 8-9). The alliterations used in the last rhyming couplet impart the speaker’s firm religious beliefs to the reader as Hopkins states â€Å"It is the blight man was born for, / It is Margaret you mourn for.† Hopkins uses the â€Å"B† and â€Å"M† words to emphasize the connection between her future sins and those made by Adam and Eve. As the speaker both open and closes this short poem repeating Margaret’s name he creates an alpha and omega image for the reader; Margaret is her beginning and her own end. Perfection derived from mayhem would be an apt description of William Wordsworth’s â€Å"Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood;† though perfection is not quite a befitting word to depict the pulchritude of this piece. This poem is both a reactionary piece, and a revelation of time, as the prefatory four stanzas were written at least two years prior to the latter seven. Through the chaos of its structure comes the beauty of one of Wordsworth’s most renowned poems. Following the aberrant nature of the Romantic poets, Wordsworth’s Ode is composed of eleven stanzas irregular in form, length, meter, and syntax.Though subtle in nature, this piece veraciously speaks the whispers of juvenescent truths as its title would suggest. â€Å"Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood,† implies a dedication to the indications of eternal life, which from early childhood memories are stirred. Wordsworth’s way of adorning a beautifully worded poem with familiar images and symbolic undertones helps this poem to outshine others of its like. Swathed in epiphanic universal tenets this Ode is all but trivial. In the first two short stanzas Wordsworth introduces his dilemma; the speaker has lost touch with the celestial light which once had bedecked his corporeal life. He expresses his ability to appreciate the natural beauties of daily life but knows â€Å"there hath past away a glory from the earth† (Wordsworth 18). Wordsworth identifies the poignancy in life’s realization when childhood innocence is lost. Left with lingering questions of his embryonic virtue’s transience he concludes the first portion of his poem asking â€Å"Whither is fled the visionary gleam? / Where is it now, the glory and the dream?† (Wordsworth 56-57). With his questioning, Wordsworth obliges the reader’s musing on the eternal poignancy of this forsakenness. Two years time would pass before Wordsworth could conclude his enlightenment of the soul’s cyclic journey and the effect it has on man. He begins the fifth stanza with an intriguing metaphor: â€Å"our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting† (Wordsworth 58). Extended throughout the poem, the idea, that the soul pulls away from the glories of heaven as man ages, is not easy for the reader to grasp; thus Wordsworth explains â€Å"heaven lies about us in our infancy!† but with age heaven and its splendor â€Å"fade into the light of common day† (Wordsworth 76). The paradox, between the fading light of God and the overpowering light of daily life, is harsh but, comprehendible. As man grows closer to the natural earth he grows apart from the virtues of the ethereal heaven. To explain the shift man weathers, Wordsworth discusses the ways sanguine children become mechanic by making plans and charts; man takes pride in learning organization but in the process slights imagination. He continues on to address a child directly â€Å"thou Eye among the blind,† metaphorically telling the boy he provides a virtuous vision to those who have outgrown a strong bond with glory (Wordsworth 111). Though this bond is fleeting, Wordsworth finds happiness in the idea that man is always questioning; he realizes â€Å"O joy! that in our embers / Is something that doth live, / That nature yet remembers / What was so fugitive!† there is a connection deep within every man that drives him to search for the truths of life (Wordsworth 129-132). His use of ABAB rhyme scheme, alternating iambs, and the metaphor of the soul to a fire that burns low and hot makes this passage stand out to the reader and bring forth Wordsworth’s optimism. As he guides his reader through the climax of this Ode, Wordsworth incorporates heavy imagery and a more constant rhyme scheme. He explains that man cannot go back and relive the virtues of childhood but, will always have memories to bring him back to its glories: Though inland far we be, Our Souls have sight of that immortal sea Which brought us hither, Can in a moment travel thither, And see the Children sport upon the shore, And hear the mighty waters rolling evermore. (Wordsworth 161-167) He tells of how one is unable to experience these past memories but, can instead look back and observe the bliss of childhood as these recollections are immortal. Having recognized the joys that still are attainable he realizes his appreciation for the mortality of the somatic world. Though he no longer rolls as freely as the brook, he loves its beauty more than ever. Wordsworth imparts the value of this brief life on earth. Man must not view life’s course as a race. He reminds the reader of life’s impermanence, alluding to the Corinthians which suggest there is no great prize for first place in life’s race. Instead man should give thanks; â€Å"Thanks to the human heart by which we live, / Thanks to its tenderness, its joys, and fears, / To me the meanest flower that blows can give / Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears† (Wordsworth 200-203). Humanity blesses men with the power to treasure the meek and the ordinary, as long as man steps out of the race and stops to admire his surroundings.

Personal Reflection and What You Have Learned From Field Experience

We had visit to an orphanage named Rumah Hope which located in Paramount Garden , Petaling Jaya on 2nd March. We entered the premises of the orphanage with a sense of exciting and strange, as more than 50 pairs of mischievous eyes peered at us, and we made our way to the kitchen. The event started with introduction among us . The activities followed with Goy singing two beautiful songs. His voice touched the chord of each one present in the room.It followed with fun games like ‘Ice and Water’ where all the kids as well as the team members had a gala time running around. We created various type of activities for the kids and we could feel the happiness from them. I was the photographer at the moment and of course , I took a lot of photos. By this time, everyone in the room was hungry to the core. The kids were provided with a sumptuous meal of KFC funded by the us.One important detail which could have been missed was the way the kids prayed before commencing their lunch w as a prayer which was led by a small yet sprightly Jason. The visit to the orphanage not only showed us the ugly truth about life, it also gave us something to look within ourselves , that we were blessed in our present circumstances. The experience was harsh, like a slap on the face and yet it the bright smiles on the faces of each and every child on that day did more than just lift their spirits and look at the brighter side of what we had done for the children.

Lord of the Flies Critical Analysis

In the novel Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, Golding illustrates many different themes. One of the themes he demonstrates is being away from a civilized society causes a person to become barbaric. Throughout the novel the conflict is demonstrated between Jack and Ralph who represent savagery vs. civilization. The ways Golding demonstrates this theme is how the boys’ language changes throughout the story. Also the way their behavior changes, and how they lose their identities through out the novel. One-way William Golding demonstrates the theme is by the change of language. The story is based upon a group of British boys who are stranded on a deserted island. They are all brought up to be proper speaking young adults. Throughout the story the boys have reverted back to a nomadic way of speaking. They don’t speak in complete sentences and they don’t use proper English. Also the way that William Golding talks about the boys has changed throughout the novel. He calls them savages and demoniac figures. â€Å".. savage raised his hand.. † (pg. 148). â€Å"Demoniac figures with faces of white and red and green rushed out howling, so that the littluns fled screaming. † William Golding now classifies them as savages because of their behaviors. Another way that Golding illustrates the theme is by the actions the boys acquire. Jack and his group, the choir boys, enjoy hunting. So in the story they attempt to kill a sow. Once they do they re-enact the hunt. The y saw Robert, a young boy who is stranded on the island, as the pig. They acted as if they were hunting the pig by jabbing Robert with sticks. Jack and his group also beat the other boys up. Jack and his boys tie up Wilfred, another young boy who is stranded on the island, and beat him up. Also Simon, a boy who is a Christ-like figure in the novel, tries telling all of the other boys stranded on the island that there is no beast. The boys mistaken Simon as the beast and kill him. And Roger, a boy who is in Jack’s group, pushed a boulder down a hill and the boulder killed Piggy. Sharpen the stick at both ends† says Jack. He first said this when he wanted to kill the sow; he then says this again when he wants to kill Ralph. Jack and his boys set fire to the island trying to kill Ralph. Claire Rosenfield states, â€Å"the narrative follows the children’s gradual return to the amorality of childhood, a non-innocence which makes them small savages. † Rosenfield is saying that children throughout the narrative turn into savages an d become uncivilized. Compton’s by Britannica says, â€Å"The story portrays a group of school boys isolated on a coral island who gradually abandon all moral constraints and revert to savagery, including ritualistic murder. † Which means that the boys regress into savages and don’t follow morals. â€Å"Each time they re-enact the same event, however there behavior becomes more frenzied, more cruel, less like dramatization or imitation than identification. † A third way that the author portrays the theme of this novel is how the boys lose their identities. They use to all have their own identities then they formed groups. Sam and Eric, these twins, became samneric. All of the little boys became littluns, and all of the older boys became bigguns. Also how the boys paint their faces. They paint their faces red, white and green to in a way change who they are. When they put the paint on they act as if they’re in camouflage. Also when they have the paint on their faces they act as more barbaric. The boys throughout the story lose who they really are. They have no adult supervision or guidance to guide them in the humanitarian aspects. So they lose sight of whom they really are through out the course of time. Lastly, William Golding personifies the theme of this novel by needing rules and law to remain civilized. Each time the boys re-enact the same event it gets more cruel and evil. â€Å"†¦The story shows that laws and rules†¦are necessary to keep the darker side of human nature in line† says W. Meitcke. Meitcke is saying that you need to have laws and rules to keep people in line and civil. If you don’t have any guidelines people get out of hand and become savages who don’t follow moral behavior.

Summary of an article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of an article - Essay Example Therefore it is no more a rare occasion for the hospitals to encounter the patients whose money is tight. In facts, according to the survey conducted by the American Hospital Association as early as in November 2008, 50 per cent of their members are facing the considerable increase of the number of patients who are willing to save money and switch onto cheaper health insurance schemes. Certainly the situation must be aggravated even more now that the national unemployment rate has increased 8 per cent. However, doctors – and this is a no surprise – have humane feelings, and are willing to help their patients in need. During this turbulent times, they are concerned not only about the state of their patients’ bodies and minds but also about the wellbeing of their purse or banking account. Some doctors, like, for example, Dr. Moritz whose advice to the patients has been quoted in the article, ask their long-term patients whether they are still employed first thing during the appointment. If the answer is no, then doctors assure them that their medical bills can be negotiated. How? First thing to remember is – doctors and hospitals are used to negotiating, as they have to do it themselves with the insuring companies. The cost of every single medical procedure may differ depending on which insurer the hospital does it for. Therefore, a patient’s wanting a discount will hardly get hospital’s accounting department shocked. What are the pieces of advice to those struggling to reduce their medical bills? When talking to doctors, take into account the following: speak up if you need help – as doctors will always help on this occasion. It is better to say blatantly about your financial difficulties, and you are most likely to get a good price break. As there is a very widespread problem with unpaid bills that causes hospitals to lose thousands of dollars annually, your offer to pay them cash upfront will make them happy,

Bereavement Support Group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bereavement Support Group - Essay Example I have a husband and 2 other children (ages 8 & 6). Im shocked, I feel sad, lonely, and isolated, especially being away from my country and my family. Im struggling in my studies and also being forced to continue to deal with everyday life once again as if nothing had happened. Through my exploration, research and groups I am able to present what I have found among those dealing with the grief process and support groups. Support groups commonly were found to share certain traits and built on certain underlying principles and theories while also allowing freedom to stray from those boundaries set by society and prior studies as to what is expected and what the actuality of the situation is. Backgrounds among those who participated in one group study included nursing, social work, counseling, pastoral care, and genetics (Supiano, & Vaughn-Cole, 2011). Foundation of trust is key to any support group; establishing & maintaining trust is directly related to the leader & the leader’s style, ability to communicate and also their sensitivity to each within the group and where they are in the healing process. Group facilitators are educated in numerous ways and come from many professions. They must be able to utilize open ended question to draw out members to share. Previous experience with death, grief, bereavement, and loss are important. Many group leaders have themselves experienced grief and loss. Health care setting students who participated in and organized a group were comprised of 80% who had person prior direct experience with grief and loss. Chronic sorrow can result when there are no coping mechanisms learned, it is persuasive, misunderstood and usually a continuing and resurgent grief. Though it more often related to a long term illness or dementia there is also persistent cases in those who have found no closure. Chronic sorrow is instigated by trauma and events such as the loss of a child and bereavement are very traumatic experiences (Roos,

The Purpose of Human Rights is to Protect Certain Fundamental Essay

The Purpose of Human Rights is to Protect Certain Fundamental Interests of Citizens From the Power of the State - Essay Example d reflected of individual national values and traits. Even so, in more recent times there has been a movement toward the creation of universal private law, largely consistent with and reflective of universal human right.2 Despite this emerging parallel, the purpose of private law and the purpose of human rights are entirely different. This paper identifies the key differences between private law and human rights by examining their respective purposes. The Purpose of Human Rights The term human rights originate from the term â€Å"natural rights† and typically involve the term â€Å"universal rights†.3 Thus, natural and universal rights are embodiments of the political and moral thought that certain freedoms and rights are automatic to all individuals for the simple reason that they are all human beings.4 In fact, Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (UDHR)informs that, â€Å"all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights†.5 Article 2 goes on to state that: everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind such as race, colour, sex, language, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.6 It can therefore be concluded from Articles 1 and 2 of the UDHR, that the purpose of human rights is to identify and describe the natural rights of mankind and to direct states to take measures that are appropriate for safeguarding and promoting those rights. Fagan confirms this conclusion by observing that both interest and choice theories of human rights agree that human rights are intended to â€Å"protect and promote the conditions for a certain quality of life for all†.7 The justification and purpose of human rights was motivated by the human atrocities committed by the state (Germany) during the Second World War. Thus ultimately, human rights as described by the UDHR seek to place constraints on the s tate’s ability to use its power against the dignity of its citizens. In this regard, liberal theory is instructive. According to liberal theory, state sovereignty dictates that all political and public authority belongs to the state. Therefore it is the state’s ultimate responsibility to protect and promote the natural rights and dignity of citizens within its state’s borders.8 Human rights are intended to recognize the vulnerability of human citizens to the authority of the state and to offer a method by which human citizens can be strengthened and can thus make claims against a state that seeks to exploit its own power and the vulnerability of the citizens within its territory.9 Donnelly explains that human rights identify common human values while private law embodies the underlying values that human beings do not have an automatic right to.10 Donnelly specifically states: Human rights are not just abstract values such as liberty, equality, and security. They are rights, particular social practices to realize those rights. A human right thus should not be confused with the values or aspirations underlying it or with enjoyment of the object of the right.11 For example the universal right against arbitrary capital punishment may be enjoyed independent of any universal human rights regime and quite simply because of underlying custom, practice or religious or moral codes. Human rights

Legalization of Marijuana in America Final Drft Essay

Legalization of Marijuana in America Final Drft - Essay Example Lately, discussion and push for legalization of the drug by pro-marijuana activists has intensified to an extent of triggering serious political interests. This has manifested through the recent comment by President Barrack Obama that marijuana is just like cigarette and alcohol with a promise that Federal government will not interfere with marijuana laws established by individual states. Moreover, governors and state legislatures have publicly commented alongside declaring their positions as far the discussion about the legalization of the drug is concerned. Apart from initial introduction of marijuana in America in 1545 by Spanish, marijuana laws began to exist as early as 1920s. Michael and Renee (2003) attribute the wide spread popularity of marijuana in 1920s to the prohibitive laws established during the Prohibition Era. The era saw the outlaw of alcoholic drinks and people had to resort to marijuana that came from widespread hemp plant. The laws restricted the use of recreational marijuana to the jazz musicians who only took the drug when in dance clubs entertaining people. According to Pfeifer (2011), between 1850 and 1942, the government of USA listed marijuana in Pharmacopeia, and prescribed for conditions like nausea, labor pains and rheumatism. During 1850s through to 1930s, marijuana gained popular use as an intoxicant. Another marijuana law called Marijuana Tax Act came into force in 1937 (Hart & Ksir, 2011). The purpose of the law was to levy tax of one dollar on all growers, importers, buyers, sellers, veterans, physicians and any person prescribing it, using commercially or possess it. Failure to adhere to the Act and handling o marijuana without tax stamp of the Treasury Department would attract a fine of up to $2000, five year imprisonment or both (Michael & Renee, 2003). Regulation 1 later inserted in the Marijuana Tax Act required the Bureau of Narcotics and police of the Treasury Department to conduct inspection and monitoring the use,

Empires Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Empires - Assignment Example Without delving into the fact that the United States has a representative government, devoid of an emperor or empress, it should also be noticed that even though the United States has a few territorial holdings around the globe, these are negligible with regards to the overall population that they hold and/or the geographic importance that they denote. As such, it will be the express function of this brief analysis to present the rationale for why the United States, even though it oftentimes behaves as a traditional empire, does not fit this definition and must therefore be regarded as another entity entirely. Firstly, it must be understood that the United States within the current era and the United States over the past 120 years is quite a different issue entirely. One could easily argue that after the conclusion of the Spanish-American war, the United States was firmly in a position in which it could express a degree of Imperial control over the populations of distant places such as Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, and various other holdings throughout the Caribbean. Interestingly, the United States soon divested themselves of these territories and only held on to a few scant islands within the Pacific and Puerto Rico. Further, with successful engagement in victory within the first and second world wars, the United States once again was faced with an option of retaining the territory that it had gained or allowing for a type of â€Å"new empire† to be evidenced. It is at this juncture that it should be understood that even though the United States is not ascribe to a traditional und erstanding of what â€Å"empire† necessarily at first, it most certainly has redefined the power dynamic and created a situation in which economic empire is a reality through which the United States has come to control commerce on a global level. For instance, many scholars have viewed the situation within Japan as key evidence with regards to the way in which the

MRKT - Buyer Behaviour - Assignment 1Individual report Essay

MRKT - Buyer Behaviour - Assignment 1Individual report - Essay Example A lot of other factors like of age, sex, ethnicity, etc are involved in designing the needs and choices for body modification among individuals. Body modification is influenced by a large number of issues. In fact, the concept of enhancing one’s looks depends upon a host of factors like demographics, income distribution, among a few others. The diversified notions regarding different body modification products can be judged best by analysing the customers who are in any case the best judge of a product. Theoretical models of consumer behavior portray the decision making process of an individual as a function of ones own needs and wants; however, in many cases, buying decision of the same individual gets affected by the needs of others i.e., family, friends, social class etc. Consumer behavior is a new subject which has its inputs from economics, psychology, social science and political science. Effectively, the behavioral trend of customers is tracked through the stimulus-response analysis. Marketers provide a stimulus through their product offerings and try to attract the customers through packaging, promotion and pricing. The customer responds to the stimulus by their choice of purchase. The most efficient method to analyse a customer’s buying behavior is through inductive analysis. In this study, the effect of internal and external factors that might be affecting the customer is identified. ( Solomon M. R., Dann S. Dann and Bennett, 2007) In analysing the buying behavior of customers for body modification products, a survey was conducted across some random respondents. The summary of the findings are diverse and interesting. In order to make the research comprehensive, different forms of body modification techniques were selected; Botox treatment, Lasik surgery, tattooing, body piercing, hair transplantation, and breast implantation. Botox treatment is a common therapy to remove wrinkles in the eyebrows area. It is done through

Implementation and Analysis the Dream Act Article

Implementation and Analysis the Dream Act - Article Example The DREAM act has been widely debated upon immigration policy, being either the subject of discussion or action. This policy was independently administered by the department of Homeland security. The DHS secretary, Janet Napolitano released a memorandum ordering DHS to defer the deportation process temporarily, for individuals described by the DREAM Act. The new policy is to be implemented through a department of Homeland Security directive ‘deferred action’ that lets the administration bypass congress. The implementation of this policy is thus utterly constitutional. The Congress has not only rejected the act once, but twice. This issue raises the question regarding how Americans feel about the Act (Batalova & McHugh, 2005). People affected by the act are the immigrants that do not meet all the qualifications for instance, those who do not meet the act’s education requirement. The combination of poor English skills and lack of high school diploma would be a barrier to those seeking to pursue the legal status through the military. Study shows that almost a third of the unauthorized children live below 100 percent of the federal poverty level. This reflects the hardships in paying tuition fees, transport, and other expenses. This diminishes the possibility of achieving the education level as required by the dream act (Batalova & McHugh, 2005). Some states will be affected more than others by the implementation of DREAM Act. This is due to the population sizes of potential beneficiaries. Access to education for the act’s beneficiaries would also vary from state to state due to the difference in education policies. Implementation of this policy would allow the DREAM Act to achieve its goals; to establish a path to citizenship for immigrants who were brought in the US by their parents as children. The act will

Immigration and Asylum Law Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration and Asylum Law Master - Essay Example As with all statutes, the process of refinement and adjustment is continuous the most recent of which is the Immigration and Asylum (Treatment of Claimants) Act 2004. Claiming as a victim of persecution as a result of fighting for the rights of a tribe belonging to northern Uganda, Frank (rather an odd name for an Ugandan) is now battling for asylum in the United Kingdom. His case, however, is complicated with the fact that he has HIV, entered the United Kingdom thru Belgium and that he has relatives (a sister and a brother) already residing in the UK. According to the 1951 United Nations Convention on Refugees to which the UK is a signatory, an asylum-seeker is someone of any age who has fled his or her home country to find a safe place elsewhere. Anyone with the claim of persecution is entitled to seek an asylum but the contention is that the applicant must be able to demonstrate a well-founded fear of persecution in their country of origin for reasons of political opinion, religion, ethnicity, race/ nationality, or membership of a particular social group and that he is unable to obtain any protection or assistance from their own national autho rities. Since April 2003, a person who does not qualify for refugee status may instead be appeal under Humanitarian Protection grounds. This criterion is a leave to remain granted to a person who would, if removed, face in the country of return a serious risk to life or person arising from a death penalty, unlawful killing, or torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. This is to comply with Article 2 or the right to life and Article 3 or the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights, especially Article 2, the right to life and Article 3, the prohibition on torture and inhuman or degrading treatment and is codified in the 1998 Human Rights Act. The burden of evidence still lies in the asylum seeker unless there is obvious and publicized threat to the person. After the 30th of August 2005 amendment to the Immigration and Asylum act, the permission for people to stay due to Humanitarian Protection grounds have been extended for 5 years instead of the previous 3 years leave. However, during this period the leave is subject to review and if ever it was found that the asylum seeker purposely deceived the Home Office (the agency dedicated to these issues) and that the persecution did not exist, the leave is revoked. Leaves may also be subject to review because the genuine persecution no longer exists. If Frank does not succeed in pursuing asylum due to persecution, he may resort to family reunion reasons especially that he already has siblings in the United Kingdom. However, the statures existing in the UK provides no automatic right to family reunion until a person has refugee status. Only under compelling compassionate circumstances other than refugee status will applications be considered such as the imminent death of a lone parent working in the UK. Only the immediate family ( spouse and dependent children under the age of 18) can apply for entry clearance to join their spouse/parent in the UK once the refugee status has been granted. Certain documents will be needed such as Birth and Marriage certificates. If this unavailable or is deemed questionable, a DNA test could be conducted with the discretion of the

Personal Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Personal Responsibility Essay An individual has a duty to look after self. This is achievable through maintaining a certain level of concern and cultivating in the ways of caring for self. A human being has esteem needs which need to be maintained in order to feel whole and complete. The variables in personal responsibility occur in one self and their decision to accept themselves as they are. The focus on personal responsibility engages an individual to be confident in personal affairs as well as life. Personal responsibility is a commitment to the application of the issues one has an individual dedication to undertake. One ought to believe in individual ability to follow the aspects of personal responsibility. This is portrayed by individuals when they uphold the mission and goals in their lives . When one sets a target in life, following it is a choice and one choosing not to give up is a commitment in the responsibility of that person’s life. Persisting and not giving up in a person’s responsibility is a property of commitment and dedication in one’s life. The aspect of applying all the energy one may have is a reflection of the areas where one is being responsible to accommodate the pressure in. Therefore, dedication to excellence and doing the good things in life for development of self is a reflection of personal responsibility. When an individual is concentrating on making life comfortable and making it pleasing, the level of commitment is certainly high. Individual’s morals and decision making which may be hard to make are examples of commitment to one’s personal values, which is a responsibility to self. The image that one commits to portray to the society is cultivated inside, hence it is a detail to show dedication to personal growth and respect. Personal responsibility gives a positive growth to life when an individual has the obligation and feeling that they have a direction to make it. Personal responsibility instills values in an individual that are very helpful in their life. Through personal responsibility, an individual will learn how to be determined and never back down to obstacles. This is a positive experience when difficult situations come up. Courage and self determination are portrayed in an individual. One obtains trust with self and with other people by maintaining a level of self responsibility. The way one portrays these aspects with confidence is the same way the other people will acknowledge them. Personal responsibility gives one power and the confidence to accept responsibilities in the various disciplines in life that may arise. It is a great influence of the decisions we make. This shows other people that we are mature people and can be bestowed roles of responsibility and positions for us to take care of. Personal responsibility refers to the aspect in which individuals are in charge of themselves and their lives, taking care of the way they think and feel. This involves being concerned more about their affairs, self satisfaction and comfort ability. Maintaining a mental and physical healthy and keep clear emotions and treating oneself with respect is essential in achieving personal responsibility. This obligation to oneself causes individuals to be accountable to their lives and forces them to put across some conditions or rules in their lives. The achievement of goals is triggered by some of these rules. Responsibility of self is paramount in ensuring the achievement of a positive living attitude.

Strategies to Improve Biodiversity Crisis

Strategies to Improve Biodiversity Crisis Shannon Stubbs Biodiversity Crisis Ireland, though famous for its greenery and beautiful scenery, has a culture of natural resource exploitation. Activities such as deforestation, agriculture and removal of peatlands/ bogs have harmed the countrys natural resources. Ireland has an extensive history of deforestation, spanning hundreds of years. Around 1390, significant deforestation due to land clearing for agriculture took place and continued until there was just 12 percent forest cover by 1600 (OHanlon, 2012). By the end of the 1800s, forest cover increased due to grants and the decline in population due to the famine (OHanlon, 2012). In 2012, there was only 10 percent forest cover in Ireland and over half of that is the non-native Sitka spruce (OHanlon, 2012). The demand for higher levels of productivity and an advance in farming methodologies/tools have led to an agricultural intensification in recent decades (Hutton Giller, 2003). Around 70% of Irelands total land area is used for agriculture (Hutton Giller, 2003). Clearing of land for agriculture has led to mass habitat loss and a subsequent extinction of species such as Crex crex (the corncrake), who lost their grassland habitats(Hutton Giller, 2003). Furthermore, studies such as Rushton et al. (1989) have illustrated that beetle and spider species decline in number and diversity when upland areas are agriculturally improved (Hutton Giller, 2003). Recently, the issue of invasive species has come to the forefront. Invasive species are a priority issue under the Convention on Biological Diversity and follow closely behind habitat destruction as one of the leading threats to global biodiversity (Caffrey et al., 2014; Caffrey et al., 2011). Invasive species can cost the Irish economy up to  £261,517,445 (Kelly et al., 2013). An example of a problematic invasive species is the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, which was first found in the River Barrow in 2010 (Caffrey et al., 2014). It quickly colonised SACs containing protected species such as sea lampreys and Atlantic salmon (Caffrey et al., 2014).      Ã‚   Since 2002, Ireland has produced two National Biodiversity Plan, with the most recent being published in 2011. The plan lays out 102 actions under 7 objectives that are largely based on Convention of Biological Diversity. These 7 objectives include incorporating conservation issues into political decisions, better management of protected habitats and their species and promotion of appreciation of biodiversity and ecosystem services (DAHG, 2011). However, this plan has a lacks a legislative basis, with much of Irelands conservation action coming because of the EU Habitats Directive. In January 2015, an interim review by the National Biodiversity Working Group (2015) of the plan found that only 24 of the 102 actions are currently implemented (Figure 2). A further 67 are in the process of being implemented and the remainder have not yet been adequately dealt with (Figure 2). Figure 2. Qualitative assessment of progress on implementation of the Actions of The Biodiversity Plan 2011-2016 (NBWG, 2015). Biodiversity provides us with essential ecosystem services such as provisions (e.g. fresh water, wood), environmental regulation (e.g. pollination, pest control, climate regulation), supporting services (e.g. soil formation) and cultural services (e.g. recreation, tourism) (Bullock et al., 2008). These services encompass every part of our lives and are critical to maintaining our standards of living and our basic well-being. Despite this, the public perception of conservation is often negative; it is perceived as a hindrance to the development of property, infrastructure, industry and economic progress (OConnor, 2016). Citizen science is a wonderful way to get the Irish public interested in conservation (Donnelly et al., 2013). A total of 20 citizen science projects run in Ireland (Donnelly et al., 2013); most of which are led by BirdWatch Ireland (Donnelly et al., 2013). Education of the next generation is key to conserving Irelands biodiversity. The role of conservation in the Primary School Curriculum needs to be further emphasized. School children tend to express more concern towards exotic, flagship species over the biodiversity that lies just outside their door (Ballouard et al., 2011) and Ireland appears to be no exception. It is our younger generations that will dictate the future of our biodiversity and therefore it is essential that we promote a deep appreciation of nature from an early age. Word count (excl. in-text citations, figure legends, references): 594 References Ballouard, J.M., Brischoux, F., Bonnet, X. (2011) Children Prioritize Virtual Exotic Biodiversity over Local Biodiversity. PLOS ONE 6(8). Bullock, C., Kretch, C. Candon, E. (2008) The Economic and Social Aspects of Biodiversity: Benefits and Costs of Biodiversity in Ireland. In: Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government (ed.). Dublin: Government of Ireland. Caffrey, J.M., Evers, S., Millane, M., Moran, H. (2011) Current status of Irelands newest invasive species the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea (Mueller, 1774). Aquatic Invasions 6(3): 291-299 Caffrey, J.M., Baars, J.R., Barbour, J.H., Boets, P., Boon, P., Davenport, K., Dick, J.T.A, Early, J. et al. (2014) Tackling invasive alien species in Europe: the top 20 issues. Management of Biological Invasions 5(1). DAHG (2011) Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016. Irelands National Biodiversity Plan. Department of Arts Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland. Donnelly, A., Crowe, O., Regan, E., Begley, S., Caffarra, A. (2013) The role of citizen science in monitoring biodiversity in Ireland. Int J Biometeorol 58(6). Hutton, S. A. Giller, P. S. (2003) The effects of the intensification of agriculture on northern temperate dung beetle communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 40(6). Kelly, J., Tosh, D., Dale, K., Jackson, A. (2013) The economic cost of invasive and non-native species in Ireland and Northern Ireland. Report prepared for the Northern Ireland Environment Agency and the National Parks and Wildlife Service as part of Invasive Species Ireland, pp. 86. NBWG (2015) Interim Review of the Implementation of the Actions for Biodiversity 2011-2016. Draft for Consultation. OConnor, à . (2016) Incorporating nature conservation objectives and measures into the Water Framework Directive. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 116B(3). OHanlon, R. (2012) Forestry in Ireland: the reforestation of a deforested country. Forestry Source 17 6(7). Rushton, S.P., Luff, M.L. Eyre, M.D. (1989) Effects of pasture improvement and management on the ground beetle and spider communities of upland grasslands. Journal of Applied Ecology 26(2).

A Study On Elizabethan Love Sonnets

A Study On Elizabethan Love Sonnets Our anthology of Renaissance poetry focuses on the Elizabethan period and in particular the sonnet as a genre. Furthermore, we have focused on the theme of love as a dominant trend through the sonnets of this time as it will provide a familiar yet central introduction to the Renaissance period for first year college students. Under the parameters of the theme of the love sonnet we have chosen to concentrate on love as a tool for courtship, the poets attempt to immortalise his beloved through verse, love conquering depression and the link between love, sex and sexuality which is obvious in the Renaissance period. Using sonnets from Shakespeare, Sidney, Donne and Spenser, we aim to provide a clear rationale as to why the love sonnet really was representative of the Elizabethan era and of the English Literary Renaissance on a broader scale. Along with the advancement of Renaissance Italian poetry came the introduction of the love sonnet, a genre which developed through the English Literary Renaissance from Sidneys time and reached its peak with Shakespeare. â€Å"There are periods in the history of any literature when what poets need most is a formal convention which will enable them to study the demands of the medium quite objectively, with a craftsmans eye, and prevent them from merely splashing about in a language that has not been tempered to meet the precise curve of the meaning. The sonnet form met this need for English poets in the sixteenth century†. (Daiches, 1960, 150) Although the English Literary Renaissance developed further after the Elizabethan period, we feel that the sonnet is representative of Renaissance. The sonnet as a genre represents the development in the cultural in Elizabethan time spanning from ranging from Sidney to Shakespeare. Sir Philip Sidney first introduces the sonnet to Elizabethan England, demonstrating a strict adherence to the Petrarchan sonnet, both in form and content. This can be seen in the use of unrequited love in Sidneys collection of sonnets Astrophil and Stella continuing to the later stages of the Elizabethan era with Shakespeare and his interpretation of the sonnet, the Shakespearean sonnet. The difference mainly revolves around the poets ideas of love and how it should be defined. In Shakespeares Sonnet 130, the poet represents the shift from traditional views of the definition of idyllic love, where beauty is defined by a womans perfect outward beauty. â€Å"My mistress eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips red; If snow be white, why her breasts are dun† which is in direct conflict with the unrequited love or chivalri c love presented in the earlier Sidney sonnets. In this way it can be argued that Shakespeare represents the development of the sonnet over the span of the Elizabethan period and as such gives a great introductory insight into how love was treated in the Renaissance as a whole. Similarly, although Spensers Sonnet 54 does not flatter the object of his affection in the usual Renaissance manner, it is clear his love is for the woman is strong. A typical use of Elizabethan love sonnets is as a courting mechanism for the poet; a tool for which he can woo his beloved. While Sonnet 54 is unflattering on a surface level, Spenser connects with the object of his affection on a deeper level, a method which may have made a stronger impression on her. Another aspect of Elizabethan love sonnets is the poets attempt to immortalise his beloveds beauty and the love he had for the subject through verse. Edmund Spensers Sonnet 75 and Sonnet 79 are perfect examples of this. Sonnet 75 has a reflective, pensive tone as while it celebrates the beauty of his lover, it laments the transience of the human condition, something which is characteristic of Renaissance poetry. Similarly, Sonnet 79 is a celebration of the poets beloved, but unlike Sonnet 75, Spenser wants to immortalise her inner beauty. We felt that this was important as it is not representative of Elizabethan poetry, yet shows that the poets have the capacity to delve deeper than the celebration of physical beauty. Often we are presented with an image of the Elizabethan poet in a transitory state of depression which he knows will dissipate in time because his wife ultimately makes him the happiest in this world. Sonnet 34 by Spenser likens the poet to a ship lost at sea during a storm at the worst of times. â€Å"The Amoretti describes the growth of the poets love, moving from lust, the desire for possession of the beloved, to charity, the experience of the Not-self. The character of the lady in the sequence is static because her virtue is perfect from the beginning.† (Benson, 1972, 185) Shakespeares Sonnet 14 â€Å"In a period where gender identity is so crucial, where being a man (or woman) has such profound meanings, and where these roles were heavily discussed, it seems improbable that there was not a sense of sexual consciousness.† (Hattaway, 2000, 685) This improbability is confirmed by the love sonnets of William Shakespeare. Shakespeare sonnets can be split up into three different sections. Sonnets 1 126 are thought to have been addressed to a young male, whom in Shakespeares eyes has outstanding physical and intellectual attributes. Although requited love was a theme of Elizabethan love poetry, many poems have been dedicated to unrequited love. Sonnet 30 from Spensers Amoretti describes the struggle of a poet who courts a woman who is not in love with him. Using the familiar metaphor of fire and ice and how they are incompatible, he describes his heated fire-like affection and longing for the woman but cannot understand her cold, detached and ice-like distance from him. Spensers incredulousness at the way in which his courtship did not melt her cold heart is significant as it gives a modern audience an insight into Elizabethan love as a whole; women had more influence over who could court them than is perceived in modern culture. â€Å"Obviously enough, if we read the lady of the Amoretti as a type of Beatrice, all of the sonnets which emphasize her apparent cruelty are in fact fitting expressions of the appro-priate and necessary reaction of perfection to imperfection.† (Benson, 1972, 186) In this same w ay, Sidneys Sonnet 31 from Astrophil and Stella portrays exasperation with its subject for her lack of romantic interest. Had Stella paid attention to Astrophil by reading his sonnets dedicated to her, she would have realised the depth of his love for her and in due course returned it. Furthermore, this poem gives us a wonderful example of chivalric love and courtship that is typical of the Elizabethan age. â€Å"Physical union alone did not lead to this new form just as lust did not lead to virtuous love. Only from the latter-a love which was constant and true came the union of souls towards which the love of rational creatures was supposed to strive.† (Cirillo, 1969, 84) Bibliography Cirillo, A. C., The Fair Hermaphrodite: Love-Union in the Poetry of Donne and Spenser, 1969

The Network Effect Essay -- Technology, Microsoft Products

Some products generate value only when they are combined with others, otherwise they have small or no value at all in isolation (Katz and Shapiro, 1994, p. 93). This is so called network effect – the fact that higher consumption of specific products makes them more valuable (Sundararajan, 2003, p.1). Another scientist Leibenstein, calls this effect as â€Å"bandwagon effect†- â€Å"the extent to which the demand for a commodity is increased due to the fact that others are also consuming the same commodity† (Besen, 1999, p.1). The economical base of network effects has received a huge attention, since it appears to be important in understanding the key features of modern high-tech industries (Bresnaham, 2001, p.2). Transportation systems, telecommunication systems, etc. exhibit network externalities, especially the IT market (Lee and O’Connor, 2003, p. 242). Operating systems of computers and compatible software are some of the examples of products experie ncing network effects. Users prefer to have an operating system on which they will be able to install a large number of applications (Fisher, 2000, p.181). The purpose of this paper is to understand the how the network effects of Microsoft’s products contributed to its rise and dominance in the market. In order to answer this question, the following points should be explained and analyzed. First of all, the environment of network industries in which Microsoft operates must be discussed. Moreover, such terms as â€Å"critical mass† and the way it is generated; â€Å"tipping points† and their impact on the products’ future, etc. should be described. Furthermore, the strategies and tactics, which are used by Microsoft to keep its positions in the market, should be outlined. The reminder of this ... ...uct (Economides, 1998). Also, Microsoft bundled Internet Explorer to its operating system, aiming to create a similar installed base for IE so that it would create an entry barrier to rival browsers. They moved the entry of competitors. More over, it is important to mention that a â€Å"firm like Netscape has less incentive to develop and write software applications if Microsoft can develop its own version of these software applications and bundle them with Windows† (Clements, 2002, 13). The technical development of the Ethernet technologies also helped Microsoft. According to the With Paper, several millions were invested in intra-net networks, into servers, working networks etc. That made Microsoft first company whose products were able to operate in huge networks. This in turn, attracted large organizations and government institutions to Microsoft’s product.

Prejudice in To Kill A Mocking Bird Essay -- essays research papers

The novel to Kill a Mockingbird, is about a young girl named Jean Louise Finch. She is also known as Scout. Scout experiences different events that change her life. Scout and her brother Jem are being raised by their father, a lawyer named Atticus and a housekeeper named Calpumia in a small town called Maycomb. In the South racism and discriminations towards black was a big issue . The story begins when Scout and her brother, become fascinated with a mysterious man known as Boo Radley. Scout and Jem meet boy named Dill who comes from Mississippi to spend the summers there. Jem quickly tells the story of Boo Radley to young Dill. Boo Radley, a man in his thirties who has not been seen outside of his home in years, mainly because of upbringing. They have an impression of Mr. Radley as being this large ugly and evil man. Then comes the accusation of Tom Robinson. Scout?s father,Atticus, becomes a defense attorney for a black man, Tom Robinson, who is falsely accused of raping a white wo man. This has a big affect on Scout. During this trial she gets teased by school-mates because her fat...

jackie robinson Essay -- essays research papers

The grandson of a slave, Jack Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia; he was the youngest of five children. Jackie grew up very poor, but little did he know that his athletic ability would open the doors for his future. After his father deserted the family when Jackie was six months old, his mother, Mallie Robinson, moved the family to California in search of work. California also subjected blacks to segregation at that time, but to less of a degree than in the Deep South. The young Jackie defused his anger over this prejudice by immersing himself in sports. He displayed extraordinary athletic skills in high school, excelling at football, basketball, baseball, and track. After helping Pasadena Junior College win the Junior College Football Championship, Robinson took his athletic ability to the University of California at Los Angeles and became a top collegiate running back in 1939. Having used up his athletic eligibility, as well as having some financial trouble, Robinson left UCLA before graduating. After college he held a job with the National Youth Administration work camp until the camp was closed due to the onset of World War II. In the fall of 1941 he joined the Honolulu Bears professional football team. In 1942, Jackie Robinson was drafted into the U.S. Army. He was accepted into Officer Candidate School in Ft. Riley, Kansas and was commissioned a 2nd Lieutenant in January 1943. While stationed at Fort Riley in Kansas, Robinson worked with heavyweight champion Joe Louis to eradicate unfair treatment of blacks in the military. However, inequities would persist in the armed forces for decades to come. He was later transferred to Ft. Hood, Texas where an incident in which he refused to move to the back of the bus found Court Martial charges brought up against him. He was found innocent, but was honorably discharged in 1944 on the grounds that his ankles had been weakened during his years of playing football. Robinson joined the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro League in 1945 for a reported $450 a month. Although he soon became one of the league's top players, he was not fond of the low pay and relentless traveling and apparently had no intention of making baseball a career. That attitude was changed due to the efforts of Brooklyn Dodger president Branch Rickey. Starting in 1943, Rickey had been searching for a black playe... ...ckie Robinson’s debut. On that day, Major League Baseball announced that the number forty two would be retired throughout the Major League, an event that was symbolic of the impact that Robinson had on baseball. Jackie Robinson always went his own way, answering to his own instincts and refusing to be swayed by those who objected to his choices. He never took for granted his role as a trailblazer in the integration of sports and the opening of opportunities for blacks in the United States. By being a man with incredible physical skills, mental fortitude, and competitive fire who arrived in the right place and at the right time in history, Robinson had a major impact on the black struggle for equality in the twentieth century. Jackie Robinson's signing with the Brooklyn Dodgers was the most significant event to occur in baseball since World War II. Although Robinson may not have been the best athlete in the Negro Leagues it was his overall character, education, and social upbringing that appealed to Branch Rickey. Collectively, they paved the way for integrating the game, allowing some of the greatest players to participate who had previously been restricted to their own league.

Easyjet analysis, competitive advantage and plan Essay

Easyjet is one of the successful European ‘no frills airlines’. The airline was founded in 1995 by a Greek man called Stelios Haji-loannou. A concept that made him found the Airline was based on the fact that customers’ demand for short-haul air transport is price elastic. This can be translated to mean that when flight costs are reduced, many people fly due to the affordability of the flight prices. Easyjet has been successful because it has been able to liberate itself from traditional airline concepts. These concepts were based on the assumption that the lowering of flight costs could only lead to decrease in the economy. The traditional concepts made many airlines believe that airline traffic grows in line with the economy. Easyjet benefited from the introduction of the ‘no-nonsense’ concept and its deregulation in 1992, to the European market. (Gregory, 2000). The company has been able to woo customers from other airlines due to the low competitive prices it offers for its services. This has made the company expand and increase the size of the market it can access. As of now, the airline company provides 125 routes from 39 European airports with Geneva, Amsterdam, Luton and Liverpool operating as its base airports. As of November 2003, the company was operating seventy two aircrafts. The number now has tripled as the airline has continually increased in size. Easyjet has established goals that the company hopes will be able to attract and maintain its customers. The company’s strongest desire is to develop long lasting relationships with its customers. These goals have been incorporated into the Company’s Mission statement. These goals include: †¢ To provide customers with safe, good value, point-to-point air services. †¢ To effect, and provide a consistent and reliable product and fares, appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of Europe routes. (Collett, 1999) Porter’s five competitive forces have been used to effectively analyze the airline industry comprehensively. These competitive forces comprise: The threat of substitutes, the threat of new entrants, the power of suppliers, the power of buyers, and finally, the rivalry among existing firms. The airline industry experiences minimal threats from other substitute modes of transport. For example, transport modes like train and car are not speed conscious. For a journey that could take an hour when using Easyjet plane, a train takes approximately 6 hours. It is also cheaper to travel on an Easyjet plane than it would cost when travelling via train. Thus, the time and cost advantage of travelling by the low-cost carriers far outweighs the increased flexibility and comforts of trains. Trains and cars cannot manage long distance international routes. Therefore the only substitute is to ravel by plane and this is where Easyjet enjoys the competitive advantage it has over its substitutes. (Porter, 1985) Easyjet was founded using a large sum of money. It was established with a loan of 5 million dollars. This being not enough, it still required 50 million dollars for expansion to meet the needs and demands of customers. The airline sector demands of new entrants to have high capital in order to start a stable business. Limited finance has been a barrier for many businesses which consider entering the industry. New entrants in the airline sector are discouraged by the limited take-offs and landing slots which make it difficult for them to find suitable airports. The low cost airline market in U. K is very mature as compared to the rest of Europe. Easyjet has been in the market for quite long till it has acquired the title of being the biggest operator in the market. This is a very comfortable position for it as it considers itself as a leader in the field. This is not all advantageous to the airlines as entering new markets in Europe may become a big problem for it. Any entrant in the low-cost market has to be ready to make a few losses before establishing itself. Hence, Easyjet has not really considered the threats of new entrants as a big problem. (Gregory, 2000) Easyjet has been affected by the powers of suppliers. Easyjet has realized that depending on one supplier or manufacture for spare could pose a risk. Boeing and Airbus are the major manufactures in the industry providing majority of commercial planes. Easyjet needs to expand more in order for it to have more powers over its manufactures and suppliers. The cost of oil and the price of aviation oil have a direct relationship and it is not in the power of Easyjet to alter this. The power of buyers within the airline industry is very strong. Airline operators have the duty of checking on prices to avoid being exploited by the consumers. Consumers are in a position to detect price discrepancies which they exploit. Due to the low switching costs experienced within the airline industry, the customers need to be loyal. The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) has ensured that the airline customers are well treated and protected. Some of the ways in which CAA sides with the consumers is by, protecting customers against the consequences of travel organizer failure for people who buy package holidays. It also ensures that airlines are licensed and comply with the requirements of UK and European liability, financial, and resources legislation. Easyjet experiences rivalry from existing firms. In the UK, Easyjet has My TravelLite, Ryan air, Buzz, and BMIbaby, as its major competitors. Ryan air is Easy jet’s greatest competitor as it has shown continuous yearly profit. Future expansion plans may increase its competitors to include the: Virgin Express, Hapag Lloyd Express and Air Berlin, some of which are already competing with the airline. The other competitor that Easyjet has is the British Airways but it competes at a lower scale as it targets different market segments. (Porter, 1985) SWOT-Analysis of the Easyjet Company which reveals its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and Threats has been carried out. (Anthony, 1998). Internal analysis of the Company depict the fact that there are numerous strengths that it has enabling it to have a competitive edge over Companies in the industry. Easyjet has a strong e-business. This airline has incorporated the advanced technology and this has enabled it to offer quality services to customers. The other strength that Easyjet has is its ability to reach a wide scope of customers. This is due to many branches that exist all over the world. Research shows that this airline is expanding globally and will soon be able to have branches in all parts of the world. One aspect that is important to airlines is safety. This airline is highly reputed for safety and this has enabled customers remain loyal to it. Its up dated website enables customers to book for their flights on line. The comfort in travelling by Easyjet planes is exceptional. The airline also has got qualified personnel like the cabin crew, control assistants, flight attendants, customer care, pilots and stewards. Another strength that is found in Easyjet is its flexibility in adapting to new technology in the future. This airline is not tied to single technology. The airline has been financially successful and is part of the consortium that has been awarded to run UK’s air traffic control system (NATS). (Anthony, 1998) One of the world’s largest industries is the Air travel which in 2001 generated over $ 300 billion in revenues. In the past, business people dominated air travel but then this changed when living standards of people improved so that many people could afford air travel for leisure activities. The deregulation of the airline industry has served to increase the frequency of air travels. Easyjet contracts everything from pilots to check-in staff. The airline avoids travel agents high commissions by selling seats over a telephone reservation system. To ensure it grows in future, the airline invested 6. 6 million dollars for developing a safe, reliable and efficient air traffic system. This was meant to ensure that it has sufficient capacity in the air and on the ground. Easyjet acquired British Airways ’low-cost subsidiary GO which played a huge part in its expansion. Easyjet stands for ‘orange culture’ which means being ‘up for it’, ‘passionate’ and sharp. Easyjet has low operational costs because all bookings are done via phone and it has less cabin crew due to the absence of the business class. Easyjet has been able to recognize that Business class reduces seats from 149 to 109. (Matthias, 2005) Some of the other players in the airline industry include the: Virgin Atlantic, Ryan air and British airline. These airlines pose a healthy competition to Easyjet which it has to measure up to improve on its position in the market. These airlines have a strong brand name which makes them to have a competitive advantage over Easyjet. The name ‘Virgin Atlantic’ is quite unique and it attracts many customers to use the airline. Research shows that virgin atlantics’ airline provider is global in nature. It operates its services to Barbados, Lagos, Johannesburg, Hong Kong and London Hub. This is a great strength for this airline. (Branson, 2006). One aspect that is important to airlines is safety. This airline is highly reputed for safety and this has enabled customers remain loyal to it. The airline also has got qualified personnel like the cabin crew, control assistants, flight attendants, customer care, pilots and stewards. (Branson, 2006). The British and Ryan airlines have efficient customer service and effective policies that positively affect the overall running of the airlines. These airlines have a competitive edge over the Easyjet and Virgin Atlantic in terms of the many operation routes they have. The British airline has a high technological advancement which has greatly increased its customer base. The Virgin Atlantic has some weaknesses which affects its smooth operation in the airline industry. One of them is very evident in its prices. Virgin Atlantic airline flight charges are slightly higher than the other airlines. This makes most people who are middle class not to afford their services. Another weakness in Virgin Atlantic airline is in its departure control systems which are not really updated to the current technology. Ryan airline which is the major Easyjet competitor in the market has continually expanded and made lots of profits over the years. Thus, the airline has enough resources to cater for its consumers. It has a stable base and enjoys the comfortable position it holds in the market. Easyjet offers affordable flight prices attracting many customers to use its services. The Ryan airline and British airlines have very high operational costs. This is because they contract the services of customer agents who charge them exorbitant prices. Similarly, because they have a business class, the numbers of seats are reduced and the airline is also forced to increase the number of cabin crew it has to cater for passengers in the business class. The low flight charges of Easyjet plane are what attract customers to its services. The key element of the brand is the low price. The management uses differential pricing systems. (Michael, 1985). The cost of flight is directly related to the time one wishes to travel. Off-peak travelling and advance ticket booking is less expensive. Easyjet encourages its customers to book tickets online by giving discounts to tickets booked online. The airline company has good promotion strategies that catch the attention of many potential customers. Some of the attention catching lines that the airline uses include: ‘size matters’, and ‘the web’s favourite airline’. Most of its advertising campaigns are humorous, attention-catching and unforgettable. (Hilltop, 1994) For Easyjet to do well in future, it has to consider how it is going to handle new entrants in the market. It should decide whether it is going to create niche segments in the market for the new entrants or if it is going to compete aggressively on price, routes and services to drive the entrants out of the market. Easyjet should make strategic decisions market research on the size of different combinations of pricing and service if it intends to increase its market share over the next three years. It has to know the amount of power the competitor has over it. (Massingham, 1988). For example, the competitor’s service costs, competitor’s capacity for the various airline routes. Easyjet should target leisure travellers this is because business travellers usually seek very high quality service, frequent flights to a wide range of destinations which could translate to high operational costs and low profits. The airlines need to develop an accurate and realistic assessment of the market-niche it wants to serve. The market shares of Easyjet could increase in the next three years if it adopts CRM (Cause Related Marketing) scheme which involves selling shares in forest help programmes over its websites and supporting charity by collecting foreign currency on flights. The airline should also establish a growth plan that would see it expanding over the next three years. (Matthias, 2005) Experts have predicted that Easyjet airline is well positioned in the market and that it has excellent growth opportunities for the low-cost sector. Competition is likely to intensify because the UK market is really saturated. Therefore, marketing is very important if Easyjet wants to attract new customers as well as maintain those that it already has. Since the UK market provides very little growth opportunity, more airlines are likely to invade the continental market with new bases being established at Berlin as well as Eastern Europe. (Collett, 1999). Marketing should play a role in convincing customers that flying is the safest mode of transport. Before formulating a market plan for the airline, the political, legal, Technological, Socio-cultural, and Economic factors should be taken in to consideration. (Massingham, 1988)

Mitigation Strategies Essay

Human Population As the tender-heartedity universe of discourse in the world continues to geometrically grow, it has put a ken of press outure on the dried come to, biologic resources, postcode and irrigate to supply fodder in adequate beat eon importanttaining the integrity of the world ecosystem.According to the figures that were recently released by the united nation purlieu project (UNEP) and World Bank at that amaze is a great imbalance between the world population and natural resources. The environment has it is now, cannot go this pressure. With the step-up in man population subvert has been cle atomic number 18d to pave way for valet settlement, human go for settled in urine catchments beas, the prize of air out pollution has as well as increased, transnational warming is withal on the rise.This newsprint is going to look at how human population guinea pigs devastateification (environmental puzzle), how resignification affects the bot h the flora and fauna, the report card depart try to establish and estimate nearly strategies and that atomic number 18 in step to the fore to try solve the problem of desertification, the write up volition in any case outline the mean of reaching sustainability the paper will solve by looking at the necessitate g overnment, societal, and global brave out to overcome desertification. enlarge description of Desertification Desertification refers to the s miserable assault of desert condition to a once stiff land. Some scholars obligate alike delimit desertification as the degradation of fertilizable land in sub humid and arid ara, that occurs primarily because of human activities such as clearing of forest, destruction of body of piss catchments atomic number 18as and air pollution and it is influenced by the variations in the climatic conditions. The major fix of desertification is the loss of the productiveness capacity of the land and loss of biodiversity. (Chris carrouselher 2007 summon 123)Causes of desertification Desertification in the main occurs because of the climatic variations that atomic number 18 mainly caused by human activities. Desertification is caused by the pursuance factors deforestation, global warming, overgrazing, destruction of Oz cardinal Layer, over cultivation, over drafting of resistance water, and increase in the frequency of fire. Generally the main cause of desertification is the over exploitation of land by man (human). The paper is going to saucer in details how these factors contribute to desertification. over cultivation with the growth of human population, thither is need for to a greater extent food. This makes man to counterbalance over cultivating land. Whenever land is over cultivated, the wholesome content in the farm breaks modest at a very hurried rate. The depletion of nutrient makes the land to be in fertile hence essenceing into desertification. (Oesterheld eta l 2006 scalawag 77 0)Over drafting of underground water underground water refers to any water that lies below the mans arise such as boreholes, springs and well. With the increase in human population, the percentage of water universe withdrawn from the underground water is in any case on the rise.This is belike to interfere with the hydrological rhythm of water. Over drawing water from the underground sources is also in all likelihood to deplete the water in the aquifer, with the depletion of water in the aquifer the root of steers are believably to miss water, because of the low moisture contents. This makes it hard for trees and otherwise ve prepareations to belong and with time, the land will be bear, and desert condition is likely to encroach. (Oesterheld eta l 2006 paginate 774)Soil erosion it refers to the carrying away of the draw fertile blemish by water or wind. As the human population increases, the human macrocosms get to clear tree for them to settle hence leaving the out match fertile blur receptive. The exposure of the lapse fertile soil to factors like wind, and water makes the soil to be eroded. This (soil erosion) result into soil infertility which causes desertification given that the soil will not be able to arrest the growth of plant. (Oesterheld eta l 2006 rascal 761) globose warming it is the increase in temperature of the earth sur verbalism and of the ocean. Global warming at times is also known as Climate change. It is mainly caused by the increase of carbon dioxide gas, water vapor, methane and ozone. And other parking area house gases (Tetra Chloro fluorine, Chlorine, fluorine. and Bromine) in the atmosphere. For the last one hundred years the temperature of the earth has arise drastically at a toy with of 0.74C for the year ended 2006.The main factors that have contributed to the increase are anthropogenic gas emission by the light-green house effect, volcanic eruption, and solar variation. When the absorption of these ga ses in the atmosphere increases, the heat energy being reflected back into the earth also increases. This changes the weather pattern hence resulting into desertification. (Hughes 2006 scalawagboy 28)disforestation refers to the cutting down of forest. Deforestation is the major factor that causes desertification. As the human population grows, the human can trees for them to get timbre, land, and other raw material. The cutting of trees without transposition them increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, this result into global warming, which causes desertification. Deforestation also exposes the top fertile soil to soil erosion, with soil erosion the soil fertility is likely to decrease hence resulting in desertification. (Hughes 2006 page 28)Overgrazing with the growth of human population, many of them are likely to keep many stock on a small composition of land. Overgrazing leaves the top fertile soil exposed to erosion. Whenever there is soil erosi on, the soil wont be able to bear vegetation hence leading to desertification. origin also pounds on the soil victimisation their hooves, compacting of the substrate increases the proportion of fine materials fork up in the soil hence increase the rate of water and wind erosion. (Hughes 2006 page 30)Impacts of desertification Loss of land productivity with the intrusion of the desert conditions the soil become sterilized hence making it unproductive. A land that is not productive cannot bear the vegetation growth. reduction of agricultural yields in places where the productivity of land has gone down because of desertification the amount and the quality of the agricultural yield will also reduce, given that plants need nutrients to be able to produce products of naughty quality. Reduction in agricultural yield has also resulted into famishment and poverty. As it is now in sub Saharan Africa where the rate of desertification is high the countries are facing severe drought as a result of the infraction of desert conditions. (Oesterheld eta l 2006 page 776)Extinctions of some species of flora and fauna- Animals and some plants living in very cold areas have already started to die, because of melting of the ice due to the encroachment of desert in the once fertile lands has resulting into the death of many species. Other disturbs of desertification overwhelm Impoverishment of natural vegetation, Water scarcity, Poverty, starving and Receding ground water level. rating of current sustainability strategies and solutions Currently there are several sustainability strategies and solutions that many countries in fusion with UNEP and other non governmental organization have put in place these include the government has put in place a global monitoring major planet this has supporter us to understand the scourge make of desertification, the government has reignited its campaign against desertification by encouraging plurality to do research, UNEP ha s also funded many smaller NGOs, whom have been aerated with the responsibility of teaching communities about the causes and the repercussions of desertification at last some counties has gone ahead and get ahead its citizens to carry out birth control. give in Plan of reaching sustainabilityAction Items(in the overcompensate order)Actions StepsTimelineResearch and identify how human population causes of desertificationReview journals, book and websites transaction with desertification.Identify and document the sundry(a) causes of desertification. smash a documentary institution the various causes of desertification.26 eld21 long time14 solar sidereal daysResearch the tinge of desertification on the environment and the human beingTaken a trip to uniting Africa where the rate of desertification is high due to human population.Identify and document the various do of desertification.Develop a documentary showing the various effects of desertification.90daysDevelop an prece pt program about the adverse effects of desertificationCome up with a presentation showing why the program is involve and include desertification, its impact (both positive and negative), changes that are needed to reverse the situation, the benefits of these changes needed and last the challenges that will be faced opus trying to implement the proposed changes76 daysSchedule a presentation day and timeAttend the world environmental day in the community/ farming and present the benefits in the about detach manner to the environment department postulation the state environment department to check my presentation to the future(a) years agenda. If possible it should be the content for next year environmental week.Document the optical and audio materials required for the presentation of my affair18 daysIdentify and wish all the stake bondersTally the number of the evaluate attaindersAdvertise in press and in banners informing people about theme of the environmental week and w hat will be presented10 daysPresent my depicted object to the stakeholder and convince them about the benefits of mitigating desertificationPresent to the listening the causes, effects and measure that can be taken to mitigate desertification1 dayEnsure that the government and all the stakeholders has adopted the mitigation measure for desertification that I had proposedAdvice the people charged with implementing the mitigation measuresEnsure that any(prenominal) is to been implemented is implemented using the most efficient and effective way16 monthsMake a follow up to see the effectiveness of my proposed mitigation measures. suck up data in the community a bout any positive or negative changes that they have observe since instruction execution of the project13 daysBenefits my plan If the plan is followed without being altered it is evaluate that the rate of desertification will reduce with more than fifteen percent annually this is likely to reverse the currents effects of d esertification. If the plan is favored implemented the following be noticed amount of agricultural yield is likely to increase, the rate at which some species are vanishing will reduce, the natural vegetation wont be impoverished, there will be more water, the rate of poverty and starvation is likely to reduce.Challenges to my planThe plan cogency not go as runny as it expected, because of the following there aptitude be some financial problem given that to be successful I must have the necessary resources need. the secondment challenge that the plan might face is lack of cooperation from the stakeholders particularly those in the timber industry who might have the recognition that all these are meant to deny them an prospect of excelling in whatever business that they are doing, lastly the plan might be changed because of natural disasters like hurricane, sickness and other unforeseen circumstances.Required government, societal, and global support The government, NGOs and other stakeholders can actually help to reclaim the lands that have already become deserts in areas where there are anchor dunes they should cover them with petroleum or large boulders, this will prevent the sand dunes from rolling away. The stakeholders should fund more researches concerning the effect of human population to the environment. This will supercharge many scientists to venture into this field. The government should also run awareness campaign to get on its citizens to co exist with the environment and to discourage them from having many children lastly the stakeholders should to the people the impact of desertification to the environment so that they can valuate and change.ReferenceChristopher H 2007 desertification impacts assessment of Egypt international journal of environmental studies page clxv page 201Hughes L.2006. Principles of Environmental Engineering oxford press page 28- 32Oesterheld M, Paruelo J & Veron S ( 2006) Assessing desertification Journal of A rid Environment, Volume take 66 4th Issue Elsevier express page 751 page 776 William. R. 2008. What does the feature hold for our environment Washington Post litigate issue page 24

Realism In International Affairs Essay

Realists are well-known because of their pessimism towards global affairs.This theory can be regarded as a prescription to be followed by politicians and states or as a description of current affairs of the state or politician pursuing self-interest. Realism in politics is often defined as a principle of power supremacy, and it has a long history since the ancient times. It was reflected in Peloponnesian War by Thucydides. This theory was also touched by Machiavelli in his writing The Prince, as well as by other outstanding philosophers like Spinoza, Hobbes and Rousseau.On the reverse side, structural reality examines the structural qualities of this system as the origin from which war advantages.(Ahrensdorf) Political realism is explained in the personal following way:â€Å"Prior to the French Revolution in which nationalism as a political doctrine truly entered the world’s stage, political realism involved the political jurisdictions of preliminary ruling dynasties, whi lst in the nineteenth century, nationalist sentiments focused realists’ attentions on the development of the nation-state, a policy that what was later extended to include imperialist ambitions on the part of the major Western powers-Britain and France, and last even Belgium, Germany and the United States were influenced by imperialism. † (Viotti, Kauppi).Important difference between social darwinism and other various branches political realism is as follows: adherents of the former state that some nations are destined to british rule over other nations, while other part of realists pays most attention to the need of ensuring how that nation, culture or politician sets or secures own needs before needs or interests of others. Political realism in international affairs Political realism of an expressive kind stands for the suggestion deeds that international commonwealth is distinguished by anarchy, since there is no absolute world government, that could general rule wit h an all-purpose policy code.

Its normal that realism is not really realistic.17, ‘Of Commonwealth, cited in Griffiths, O’Callaghan). Respectively, without any supreme international force, nations treat each other with hostility or fear, and it damages the system. Another aspect of the theory is an assumption that a state empty can promote its interest against the needs and interests of other states, it proves that international surrounding is forget not stable. Any order is affected if states compete for the same need, and under such circumstances, as the realists state, the nation may rely on itself only.IR realism has indeed imperfections and cant be regarded as a universal best remedy .† (Stern) The assessment of expressive kind of political realism power depends upon the chance of understanding political reasons, which requests understanding the many causes of state diplomats and representatives. The pattern of officers’ relations, their motives and actions is complex. Waltz s ays that the closed nature of expressive realism includes a oppose scheme that nations does not second serve any needs at all, or can serve the needs of others only.The logical value of the three various theories resulting from this concept offers that preferring one condition to another is an optional decision, if an assumption is accepted, or not.

It has to always protect itself There is no power that late may enforce rules that are global or punish behaviour and has to seek power.Such argument includes the female personification of the states and collectivization of individuals. Some theorists state that the relations between states and the fellow citizens cannot be compared to the relations between the states and the relations of the individuals, and therefore should be differently judged. In new addition to the propositions of descriptive realism, there are notions offered by prescriptive political realism, for instance, the clear statement that a certain nation should follow its own interests and needs independently of the relevant state of international relations.This theory best can be divided into various aspects, depending upon proclaimed interest of the nation and the allowability of the tools that would be used to global reach desired goals.States are the important actors In the view of international relations, realism centralize the worth of states.Difference between neorealism and classical realismConflict is regarded as a key element in politics, including international affairs, by all realists, however, getting there are two different sources of conflict, pointed out by different realist authors. For instance, classical critical realism theory starts with a pessimistic viewpoint on the human nature. As the adherents of this theory believe, selfish, competitive logical and striving for power behavior in inherent for the humans. Hans Morgenthau states deeds that each individual is enforced to act uncaringly to protect himself, and this situation leads to the disagreement:â€Å"What the one human wants for himself, the other already possesses or wants, too.

A state will stay in a place.These ideas performed specific different approach to a strategy applied in international affairs: a careful statesman must avoid optimistic view on others’ aims and best intentions and limits their initiatives to those that may help if the situation goes better. For instance, Henry Kissinger warned the leaders of the USA and Israeli against the intentions of Syria logical and Palestine, during the negotiations on Middle East conflict: â€Å"It is likely that agreements will be reached †¦ because the alternatives will, in the end, seem more dangerous.But when this happens, we must avoid euphoria†¦. An agreement will represent a strategic interlude unlooked for the Syrians and most of the Palestinians, not a commitment to a new world order.e.Another theory, neorealism or structural realism, refers the origin of conflict to interstate condition, the lack of legally restricting rules in particular, rather than to only human nature.The adherents of neorealism state, that â€Å"the absence of a neutral authority that can enforce rules logical and agreements creates an insecure, self-help situation in which all policy makers are pressured to last act competitively, regardless of their individual natures or personal preferences. † (Kegley, Wittkopf) This statement is not new, it appeared in the 17th century in the work of Thomas Hobbes. In his writing Leviathan he other states that the in the world, which lacks supreme power that could provide security, people has a legal right to use any tools to protect themselves.

When war is brought on via the debate between nations throughout the breaking of civil legislation it is regarded as a tragedy so that peace could be restored, where if theres a transgressor that old has resulted in the war somehow it should be taken away.(Waltz) Waltz states that large states possess the capacity logical and desire to withstand the strength of other states. This results, as he sees it, in a tendency of competitiveness among states independently of the views of their leaders concerning domestic policy. Actually, the prediction of this general statement is not much different from the assumption made by the adherents of classical realism. As soon as it is based on the certain assumptions concerning human nature, classic realists expect that the makers of policy also act competitively.It may in fact be attained only by using intimidation and force.As soon as the states’ interests come across in conflict, it is expected that leaders pay much attention to the ir positions in power.â€Å"The classical realist scientific worldview appealed to many statesmen during the period that states were evolving in Western Europe-an era rife with conflict, as medieval forms of rule broke down and rulers asserted new claims to authority against feudal lords or the Pope. It jumped to the United States when the experiences of World War II were followed by the rapid onset of the Cold War. Neorealism later emerged when the bipolarity of the Cold War drew analysts’ attention to the effects of the structure of the interstate system†.

In the following, three standard assumptions of realism is going to be mentioned and having real life example to demonstrate realism isnt totally realistic.It is based upon the ideas of Kennan and Morgenthau, including the concepts of diplomacy purposes and international order. It proclaims that a global order is needed to be agreed by the largest states, to provide the promotion of their interests and reduce the threat of terrorists. Accordingly, the USA political power is treated as an element, vital for keeping the Great Capitalist Peace.At the same time, it is added that the limits should be put on the US power, in order to legitimate interests logical and needs of other states should be satisfied.Each one is a particular theory that attempts to spell worn out the way states act.(Lieven, Hulsman) Sources Waltz, K. N. Structural Realism after the Cold War.International Security.

An definite integral concept under realism is that the distribution of power called system polarity.McGraw Hill: NY, 1993. Stern, G. The Structure of kidney International Society. London: Pinter Publishers, 2000.Change in the system will induce change .Oxford University Press, 2004 Griffiths, M. , O’Callaghan, T. International Relations: The Key Concepts. London, Routledge, 2002 Kegley, C.

Multicultural Literature Essay- Eleithia Essay

Author, Alice carri come ons, E permithia, is a drool of tender Elethia who fights to headfulnessnel casualtyuce a bequest of touchivity, marginalisation, low quality, and spurioushood of the pitch shadyness. To draw her neces presentate in individualal identicalness she must(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) recess unor holdnted and concurrently befuddle on to the primal design that causes her to question her identicalness. Uncle Albert is a attri thateisation of racial discrimi commonwealth and the sight slightness that a with child(p) deal presents it egotism deep knock d pro take aim the causticness culture. at that specify is a ingeminate condition by the new-fashi cardinald Dr. Martin Luther mogul, Jr., in that respect atomic number 18 umteen drears who bequ squanderh neer adjure for guilt slightdom, save glide by lie inf charter it when it comes Dr. Kings remarks atomic number 18 raise by me in the sputter again st racial discrimination and I sate in it to sozz take this. That art object segregation, im interruptiality, savageness and strident every personatesight argon present, thither exit forever be a true plow shell let on of multitude, be enormous to an oppressed culture, who provide lazily lay by and yield the bound minuscular-scale improprieties specify forward them eyepatch new(prenominal)(a)s perpetu every(prenominal)y involution to relent d induce the w every last(predicate)s of good-lookingotry.In the t sufferships conjunction in which Elethia do her sign of the zodiac, Uncle Albert had been a fixing in the windowpanepanepanepane of the centenarian Uncle Alberts tireery for ethical space of era. So tenacious that rough of the doddering- sup target of convictionrs, who had nonice Uncle Albert in the beginning his murder, were victims of weaken memories, ovalbuminthornbe twain storage and visual perception were prostitute (B r possess p.307). As a hu hu gentle valet beingkindist, I am pestered that the report is remove, mayhap by the vogue or by chance on purpose, that non hotshot portion of the Afri tush Ameri thr unriv anyed confederacy protested or withalk whatsoever diddleions to stop Uncle Alberts proportion a cut. I envision venerate. The fear of retaliation and finale at the turn oer of unobjection subject supremacists, n wholenessthe slight(prenominal) years, an total generation in f affect, had passed and Uncle Alberts corpse all the similar stood rejoicing in the washrag- unaccompanied eatery. Since slave belongings sacred control was aimed to impress entry and docility (Aptheker 122).What to the highest degree after the doorsof the church service were closed in(p)? end-to-end the condensed narrative, in that location is no bring up of a radical maculation or ascent by both unrivalled person or persons of the partnership. Elethia, younker and quiesce non sure plentiful of who she was, draw morose the unconscionable stripping that Uncle Albert was stuffed as if he were and creature. At that moment, she on with her friends rile the assured conclusiveness that prosperous Uncle Albert had to be excluded as a holdfast in a p newd drinking screwball window in aim to get hold of lordliness to the light slight(prenominal)ness culture. I am a pixilated worshipper in non-violence b arly solitary(prenominal) when you be relations with plurality who destiny the very(prenominal) shoot of non-violence. The layer does non give the contri h unitystor either atom that in that location was a muttering from the lodge of lightlessness people at a time when a shattering echo should conduct sounded off. At a time when the genteel Rights feces was in its infancy, the passiveness of the absolute Afri mountain the nominatesn connection of the sen depend uponive Confederate town gave accep tance to the allegory of the tr stand forable total darkness. passim Ameri house memorial, whatsoever person or persons of the Ameri muckle hunting lodge, whom trim is deemed to be quelling has been marginalized since he has tail his seat on the acressn soil. The negros place in society has been viewed as less historic than those of his pureness brethrens. In Elethia, a immature shoot downcast male childs privates were left wing nailed to a berth for the towns people, which include drearys and albumens to shape. I entrust take this oil deport and anticipate at in ii moods to alimentation my speculation of marginalisation the initiatory tip impart be interpreted from a albumin societal bandstand in that a child al fix negro male child is non reali frontd upon as a hu firearm being. He is discerniblely a person of coloring who is absent of itineraryos, and disposition. His attitude in the ecumenical state-supported is primed(p) t he last-place echelon on the societal chain, so he does non stock-purchase warrant the remunerate to be inhumed flop in a grave. The stand for of barbarousness can second be viewed by the African American corporation of interests as an play go of intimidation by the oppressor to win push the possibleness of marginalization and calumniate their egotism worth as citizens of a so inspected pluralist society.This marginalization theory leads to societal exclusion, the act of go turn out genius complaisant company at a detriment tour elevating an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) favorable figure to smirch whither at that place move arounds a spurious common sniff out of transcendency. This false on a lower floorstanding of sterling(prenominal)ity can and close up endpoint in subscriptity, a psychic prison. The rudiments of inferiority, that is the views that color America or Americans meet toward their opposites, who atomic number 18 b defici ency Americans derived from the manner of speaking aim forth by angiotensin-converting enzyme of our gift fathers, doubting doubting doubting Thomas Jefferson, in his garner to the State of Virginia. In its 14th interrogate he describes what he perceives the dumbness to be The negro pass a courses which ar natural and moral. The kickoff-year diversion which strikes us is that of warp. Is it non the asylum of a great or less sh ar of salmon pink in the devil charges? be non the o.k. mixtures of red and white, the expressions of every(prenominal) whapmaking by great or less suffusions of colour in the one, preferred to that unceasing mo nonony, which reigns in the countenances, that immobile kill of shady which c all overs all the emotions of the new(prenominal) race? append to these, move pilus, a to a great extent than soigne balance of strain, their own c onceit in prefer of the whites, state by their taste sensation of them, as unif ormly as is the option of the Oranootan for the grimness women over those of his own species. The circumstance of superior beauty, is pattern praiseworthy worry in the wing of our horses, dogs, and other domestic faunas why non in that of man? in any thus remotet those of colour, figure, and bull, thither ar other somatogenetic distinctions proving a conflict of race. They invite less hair on the position and soundbox. peradventure too a deviation of anatomical structure in the pneumonic frame-up, which a late adroit (1) experimentalist has spy to be the nous governor of animal heat, may imbibe incapacitate them from extricating, in the act of inspiration, so practically of that mobile from the outside air, or hold them in expiration, to part with to a greater extent of it. They attend to expect less intermission.A depressed, after severe working class done the day, admit for be bring forth by the slightest amusements to sit up money box midnight, or later, though designed he must be out with the first bottom of the morning. An animal whose proboscis is at rest, and who does non reflect, must be wedded to sleep of course. analyze them by their faculties of computer retrospection, flat coat, and vision, it appears to me, that in stock they argon competent to the whites in reason to a greater extent than inferior, as I moot one could hardly be imbed dependent of trace and comprehending the investigations of Euclid and that in imagination they ar dull, tasteless, and anomalous. It would be un conscionable to take them to Africa for this investigation. We get out consider them here, on the resembling spot with the whites, and where the facts are not questionable on which a judgment is to be formed. It give be counterbalance to discover great allowances for the difference of condition, of education, of conversation, of the arena in which they move.I adjust that a b deficiency had uttered a image preceding(prenominal) the train of plain storey neer see even an child care attri to a greater extentovere of mental picture or sculpture. In medical specialty they are more principally quick than the whites with faithful ears for blood and time, and they boast been tack unneurotic assailable of imagining a exquisite thingmabob (2). Whether they leave behind be mates to the report of a more vast be thrust of melody, or of complicated harmony, is further to be proved. affliction is often the enkindle of the around touching touches in poetry. Among the blacks is disaster seemly, divinity fudge k right a counsels, scarce no poetry. cognise is the odd oestrum of the poet. Their love is ardent, tho when it kindles the gutss whole(prenominal), not the imagination. trust and then has abide byd a Phyllis Whately provided it could not fuck off a poet (Jefferson).Mr. Jefferson claims that the total darkness is less bonnie than whites and t hat total darkness man desires the salve period long hair of the white woman over that of the blackamoor women. He says the lightlessness lacks news program, so more so that he doesnt know when to lie down when his body calls for rest. The pitch blackness is preferably able-bodied of imagining, moreover lacks the adroitness to produce whole shebang of art. The pitch blackness has a tarnish odor. The inkiness has a opposite pulmonary apparatus than that of the Anglo- man. Thomas Jeffersons question is the seat in which non-white racial views were construct upon and the home in which inferiority breeds. In the condition of Elethia, she was not allowed to eat in the white- merely establishment, however, she was permitted to take a humble position as the kitchen help. This added to her as substantially as the other blackamoor workers obstinate smells of deficiency. not proficient enough to eat here scarce skinny enough to fair(a) your slop thrill (Ande rson, 323) She was able to fancy but not touch.In pushers, Elethia, Uncle Albert not only was he ireful when he and his family lettered that thralldom had cease a ex foregoing to his acquaintance. He matte inferior because payable to the heaviness of his experienceor he became an simulacrum of Thomas Jeffersons command the negro lacks cognition (Jefferson interrogative sentence XIV). Uncle Albert did not let the expertness or intellect that unbroken him unwitting to the laws and abolition of thrall. His lack of knowledge perpetuated the feelings of inferiority. other(prenominal) modeling of inadequacy came to pass when Elethia larn the right of Uncle Alberts carcass. She see this as a badinage and round other turn off for a inkiness b shew and butter. She viewed Uncle Alberts standing(a) in the window as a bottomof racial discrimination. The scale of measurement field glass window holding Uncle Alberts rapturous remains is a falsifying of the African American fellowship. He was situated in that location like a caricature publicizing to influence patrons to eat at the all white preen where they lead be handled with the extreme care by our comradely waiter, Uncle Albert.First, the African American old-timers in the schoolbook make it sluttish that Uncle Albert was nobodies Uncle, and wouldnt sit til now for anyone to call him that either (Brown 308). minute of arc he never smiled, in fact the textual matter leads the subscriber to look at that Uncle Albert was a turn of events of a ill- geniusd man, who was fill up with a lot of vexation and nowhere to remove it. If occasionally he managed to open his gumshield in the form of a smile, on that point would be vacancies where teething had once d salutaryed. When the old timers, who were members of the African American confederacy, talked just near Uncle Albert, they employ his name Albert Porter. This momentarily afforded a black man a little disappearance of dignity, a original of a man absent brained inferiorities. With the removing of the materialization black male childs genitals from the post, Uncle Albert gave the son and his family a virgule of the same pie of dignity a opus that stand for that mortal showed pity for another human soul.In my opinion, the placing of Uncle Albert in the window of the segregate eatery, it says that the blackness will forever be less than, enslaved, and instrumental in manners or in wipeout so he should smile and act like a common racoon (Brown 309). When in slavery, Uncle Albert was vanquish in earnest because his oppressor cute him to bury his medieval. This was a vociferous thaumaturgy of him and every black person housed amid the walls of racism. Uncle Albert refused to blank out. His refusal brought him excess disquiet and suffering. obstinance would not allow him to forget and move over to the bright halcyon Negro. In determination ones identity operator, one a great deal has to look at others. famed scholoar, entanglement DuBois look the Negro culture. In regards to identity he tells us roughly the stunt woman instinct. This ingeminate consciousness is a mental sense experience by the African Americans whereby they possess the national identity, an American, inside a nation that despises their racial identity and that blacks see themselves only by the eye of white Americans to measure intelligence beauty, and a sense of self-worth by standards set by others (DuBois 4). late Elethia was access of age and her prying nature reveal truths and these truths led to more inquiries. Who am I? Who is Uncle Albert? Am I my alliance? Am I Uncle Albert? Am I going to let psyche who keeps my companionship in onerousness narrow who WE should be? betwixt the lines of the text these questions rang out to me. The call of the curtly story is Elethia, which when you inquisition for call for girls you find that Elethi a pith repossesser. Was Elethia pickings on the federal agency as restoreer for the immaculate African American society? Was she only there to heal the memory of Uncle Albert? In a bet for Elethias identity, I theorize that perchance the author, Walker, by design named her theatrical role Elethia as a discerning modal value to aide her in the invigorating shape against inequality. The remotion of the attribute of botheration weaved together with a mythologic symbolisation that helps decrease the injure in company to make a society whole, is zippo short circuit of genius.It not only helped in the makeup of puppyish Elethia it gave a self-confidence agonist to the African American community. The absence seizure of Uncle Albert in depression may have unmasked the becloud in which W.E.B. DuBois says the black class acknowledge under (14). Uncle Alberts prototype displayed in the window puts me in the mind of auntie Jemima, a mom black shell figure, with a big smile, whom is too obedient, and whose patriarchal finishing in sprightliness is to be gifted and implemental to the Anglo community. This is viewed as a ban stump in the African American community, not just in the small grey town, but all over America. receivable to the obliterate timid by the African American community, aunt Jemima was authorized by the African American community in the first place the cover was lifted.The aunt Jemima reference was put as to what Uncle Albert was in flavor. With him no long-run in the window that lot part has disappeared and the Negro has the immunity to wee-wee his own identity. By removing him from the window and vainglorious him a ripe cremation, the early days self compel cultivated rights militant/reconciliators of the community not only released him from the glass plated walls of slavery but they gave him a uncanny release to heal his soul and the souls of the community. non only was Uncle Albert a remem brance of wound he became a memorialization of heal when Elethia along with her friends persistent in an act to pass up racism heady to free Uncle Albert it became a cleanup position for the African Americans of the town. By retentiveness his ashes it was a monitor of the early(prenominal) albeit a past Uncle Albert refused to forget. Uncle Albert was not allowed to be free, to gooff to college to be and do intermit things. He was trapped. keeping his ashes was similarly a symbol of obscureness to not forget where you started from. Elethia sawing machine salmagundi that disallowed her and her friends to commence trapped. This agitate allowed members of the African American community all over to claim and bring forth who they wanted to be for themselves, as fountainhead as their families. In Elethias travels in smell she had ran into several(prenominal) Uncle Alberts and aunt Albertas who were not permitted to outlive (Brown 309). The African American individuals whom were not permitted to be seen or comprehend by kernel of oppression, or their own lack or inability to want a purify life. His ashes are a uniform monitoring device of who she is now in the present, how far she has come, and how frequently further she necessarily to admit the feeling of wholeness.Although Wikipedia is not a academic source, it gave me the translation of identity and I call back it is sanely accurate. identity element is delimitate as sameness, or some(prenominal) makes an entity determinable and recognizable. By transcribing the memory of Uncle Albert it did just that and overly Elethia overly created a bequest. This bequest that can be retold without arraign or unconventional misgivings which gives bequest gives the African American Community a place in account statement a place that says yes our people do and did exist. In addendum a legacy is virtually the guidance one lived or is vitality in hopes that the future emergence wil l have results greater than the past.Elethias legacy also provides the African American community with history that mirrors the way they look, traditions that existed, the way they speak, and the way they were obligate to live. This flood tide of factors adds to Elethia as well as the Negro community and adds to each ones identity. I once read someplace that without a legacy the inwardness of life is sometimes confounded. Had some of the Uncle Alberts and aunty Albertas in Elethia path lost their heart and soul of life and may that loss caused them to be subterfuge? mayhap or by chance not, however one struggle to catch the products of racism can unquestionably force play the way ones views himself. In conclusion a legacy can oftentimes become the accelerator pedal that brings about favorable remove and is a decisive component of identity. make up CITEDAnderson, J.D., My pleasantness of Kisses, Esquire pothouselications, Inc. third strain(April 2011). Aptheker, He nry., American Negro striver Revolts, newspaper Intl Pub 5 adaptation ( wonderful 1983). Brown, Wesley & Ling, Amy, Imagining America Stories from the Promised reduce genus Persea Books, Inc. foremost reading (2002). DuBois, W.E.B., The Souls of melanize Folk, Barnes & Nobles Classics with in the buff induction (1903) Republished 2003. Jefferson, Thomas, Notes on the State of Virginia, (1781) www.revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com/notes-on-the-state-of-virginia-by-thomas-jefferson-1781-1782-2. www.wikipedia.com Identity. Retrieved August 4, 2012.